{"id":8479,"date":"2026-01-13T11:11:57","date_gmt":"2026-01-13T14:11:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vinq.us\/?p=8479"},"modified":"2026-01-25T22:27:18","modified_gmt":"2026-01-26T01:27:18","slug":"quando-usar-equilibrio-limite-numerico-dem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vinq.us\/en\/quando-usar-equilibrio-limite-numerico-dem\/","title":{"rendered":"When to use Limit Equilibrium, Numerical Equilibrium, or DEM: a selection guide in geotechnical modeling."},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8479\" class=\"elementor elementor-8479\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c6dc435 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c6dc435\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-047ce1b\" data-id=\"047ce1b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-170a25a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"170a25a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><strong>Based on the guidelines of the LOP Project and ISRM.<\/strong><\/h3><h2><b>The importance of technical choice.<\/b><\/h2><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In rock slope projects, and to a lesser extent in soil and tailings projects, the most common mistake is not &quot;using the wrong method.&quot; It&#039;s choosing the method out of habit and then adjusting the question to fit the familiar tool. The LOP Project guidelines (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Large Open Pit<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) and of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ISRM<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> They converge on an objective premise: the method must be a consequence of three elements, treated explicitly and traceably:<\/span><\/p><ol><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Decision to be made (project, operation, support, phasing, triggers, area exclusions).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">System observability (what you measure and see in the field versus what you infer).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Relevant uncertainty (that which changes the decision) and how it will be quantified, tested, and communicated.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The provocation, &quot;without software fetishism,&quot; is straightforward: a good model is one that reduces uncertainty relevant to the decision, while preserving traceability, calibration, and governance. A bad model may appear sophisticated, but it delivers numbers with false precision, and that is a technical and institutional risk.<\/span><\/p><h2>\u00a0<\/h2><h2><b>Start with the question (not the method).<\/b><\/h2><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before choosing Boundary Equilibrium (BE), Numerical Equilibrium (MEF\/NEF), or DEM\/DFN, write the answers below in one sentence and use this as the &quot;Model Terms of Reference&quot;:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What decision will be made based on this study? (geometry, berms, angles, phasing, support, lowering, dismantling control, triggers)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which mechanism controls the risk? (planar, wedge, tipping, circular, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">step-path,<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> progressive breakdown, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ravelling<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(block falling, creep, etc.)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What is the scale and time horizon? (bank\/interramp\/end; short-term vs. LoM; static vs. transient)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What is observable and what is inference? (structural mapping, piezometry, deformations, tests, instability history)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What uncertainty predominates and how will it be addressed? (water, joint strength, persistence\/connectivity, blast damage, in situ stresses, lithological variability)<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If these answers don&#039;t exist, the choice of method becomes purely aesthetic. And the cost of that becomes apparent later: a blown schedule, endless discussions about parameters, and a &quot;pretty&quot; report that doesn&#039;t support a sound technical decision.<\/span><\/p><h2>\u00a0<\/h2><h2><b>What does each approach solve?<\/b><\/h2><h3><b>1) Limit Equilibrium (<\/b><b><i>Limit Equilibrium<\/i><\/b><b>, LE)<\/b><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Best when:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The mechanism is well defined and can be represented by potential surfaces (circular in soils\/tailings; planar\/wedge\/overturning in rock).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The objective is screening, comparison of scenarios and safety envelopes (geometry, water, resistance, loads).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You need agility and transparency for governance and communication with operations and risk management.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Classic limits:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It does not accurately represent deformability, stress redistribution, and damage progression; it describes &quot;whether it resists,&quot; not &quot;how it evolves.&quot;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In rock, it can become unsuitable when the structural geometry is complex (critical persistence, step-path, multiple domains, connectivity).<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Good LOP-friendly practice: treat the LE as a baseline even when using numeric\/DEM. It serves as a consistency check and order of magnitude indicator.<\/span><\/p><h3><b>2) Continuous numerical model (FEM\/FDM and constitutive models)<\/b><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Best when:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The decision involves stress-strain, convergence, redistribution, mining\/excavation sequencing, support-rock mass interaction, and relaxation effects.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You need to test hypotheses related to in situ stresses, excavation\/blast damage, equivalent anisotropies, subsidence, and, where applicable, transient effects (with strong governance).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The mechanism is complex and cannot be contained within a simple surface, but it still makes sense to represent the mass as an equivalent continuum (with equivalent discontinuities or discontinuities inserted via elements\/joints).<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Classic limits:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Without instrumentation, back-analysis, or field evidence, calibration becomes underdetermination: many parameters &quot;explain&quot; the same behavior.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mesh dependence, contours, numerical damping, and failure criteria can produce &quot;laboratory&quot; stability if sensitivity tests and verifications are not performed.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Harsh message: numerical data is excellent for answering &quot;how much deformation occurs and where it concentrates,&quot; but it only becomes engineering when there is discipline in calibration, verification, and auditing of the model.<\/span><\/p><h3><b>3) DEM and discontinuous methods (DEM\/DFN\/DDA\/Blocks)<\/b><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Best when:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Risk is governed by relative movement in discontinuities: wedges, toppling, raveling, rockfall, step-path with structural connectivity.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The structural geometry (orientation, spacing, persistence, roughness, infill) is the primary controller and needs to be explicitly represented.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The question requires simulating block interaction and instability trajectories, and you have (or explicitly assume) a probabilistic model for what is not observable.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Classic limits:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">High data demands, especially regarding persistence and connectivity, often the least observable aspects.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Complex calibration (contact parameters, normal\/shear stiffness, damping, timestep).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is a real risk of turning into a &quot;cinematic simulator&quot; if there are no validation metrics and acceptance criteria.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rule of thumb: when the continuum fails conceptually, DEM (Digital Mathematical Model) can be the way to go; when data is lacking, DEM can be the way to confidently deceive oneself.<\/span><\/p><h2>\u00a0<\/h2><h2><b>How to combine methods<\/b><\/h2><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The correct selection is usually a hybrid one: LE as baseline, and scaling to numerical\/DEM according to the question.<\/span><\/p><h3><strong>1) &quot;Which mode of rupture is plausible and what is the margin?&quot;<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Primary: Kinematic LE + Stability LE<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Complementary: numeric with discontinuities or DEM\/DFN if connectivity\/persistence is critical and decisive.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3><strong>2) &quot;What changes with phasing, stresses, and damage from excavation\/blasting?&quot;<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Primary: continuous numerical level.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Additional information: LE as a sanity check (simplified scenarios) to prevent parameter drift.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3><strong>3) &quot;I want to predict deformations and compare them with monitoring.&quot;<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Primary: numerical with calibration by displacements\/velocities and active zones.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Additional information: LE for envelopes and margin communication by scenario.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3><strong>4) &quot;Risk is dominated by blocks and structural connectivity&quot;<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Primary: DEM\/DFN\/DDA for kinematics and key blocks.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Complementary: LE for simplified surfaces and global consistency.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3><strong>5) &quot;I need a single safety factor for auditing&quot;<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mature response: FS + uncertainty + operational triggers + calibration evidence.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avoid the &quot;just a number&quot; trap: this usually signals weak governance and an incentive to rely on modeling to make it work.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h2>\u00a0<\/h2><h2><b>Conditions for applicability: what needs to exist before it can run.<\/b><\/h2><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maturity here means recognizing that &quot;running&quot; is cheap; running with uncontrolled inference is expensive.<\/span><\/p><h3><b>Minimum data per approach<\/b><\/h3><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">LE<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reliable geometry, stratigraphy\/domains, water scenarios\/pressures, traceable parameters (ranges and sources).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In rock: structural families by domain and variability.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Numeric<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Beyond LE: deformational properties (moduli), in situ stress assumptions, damage\/relaxation representation, and minimum calibration strategy.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ideal: linkage with instrumentation, behavioral history, and retrospective analyses.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">DEM\/DFN<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Beyond LE: orientation distribution and, crucially, explicit hypotheses about persistence\/connectivity (deterministic or probabilistic), joint\/contact parameters, and validation metrics.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3><b>A conceptual model is mandatory.<\/b><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Regardless of the method, it is necessary to make it explicit:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Water: where it is, how it connects, why it varies (fractures, perched, drainage, transients).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Anisotropies: what governs them (structures, foliations, shear zones, contacts).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mechanisms by scale: bank vs. ramp vs. end slope.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Without this, the software only formalizes implicit assumptions and transforms them into &quot;results&quot;.<\/span><\/p><h2>\u00a0<\/h2><h2><b>Calibration and sensitivity: the difference between engineering and animation.<\/b><\/h2><h3><b>Acceptable calibration<\/b><\/h3><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Back-analysis of stable\/unstable events, keeping parameters within defensible ranges.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Evidence-driven adjustment: deformations (numerical), occurrence of mechanisms and instability patterns (rock\/DEM).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Use of multiple sources: mapping, instrumentation, inspections, operational history.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3><b>Mandatory sensitivity (the minimum for governance)<\/b><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Run explicit variations of:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Water (pressures, noise, levels, adverse scenarios, envelopes and, where applicable, transients)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Persistence\/connectivity (main uncertainty in rock)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Joint strength (peak vs. residual, roughness, fill, scale)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Disassembly\/relaxation damage (disturbed zone, degradation)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Geometric tolerances (berms, angles, offsets, model simplifications)<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Minimum expected output: sensitivity ranking (tornado chart) connecting \u201cvariable \u2192 change in decision\u201d. If this does not appear, the study is incomplete.<\/span><\/p><h2>\u00a0<\/h2><h2><b>Model governance: how to avoid &quot;modeling to make it work&quot;<\/b><\/h2><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Governance is the antidote to technical self-deception.<\/span><\/p><h3><b>Governance checklist (regardless of method)<\/b><\/h3><ol><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Traceability: each parameter has a source, range, and justification.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Version control and reproducibility: files, scripts, mesh, random seeds (DEM\/DFN).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sanity checks: orders of magnitude, balance, plausible deformations, comparison with LE.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Separation between calibration and prediction: calibrate on one subset, test on another.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Acceptance criteria defined before running: &quot;the model is acceptable if...&quot;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Independent peer review: someone needs to try to &quot;break&quot; your model.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><h3><b>Typical signs of &quot;modeling for success&quot;<\/b><\/h3><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Parameters without justification (&quot;we always use them this way&quot;).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treated water for convenience (clean water line), without exploiting adverse pressures and scenarios.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Persistence\/DFN &quot;tightened&quot; to achieve desired stability\/instability.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fine-tune until a target FS is &quot;passed&quot; without discussing uncertainty.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mesh\/contour change\/<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">damping\/timestep<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> until the result &quot;stops bothering you&quot;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Excessive precision with uncertain inputs (two decimal places as if they were real).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Absence of unfavorable cases (only &quot;baseline&quot; and &quot;optimistic&quot; scenarios exist).<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is not just a technical problem; it&#039;s a governance risk: it creates false evidence for critical decisions.<\/span><\/p><h2>\u00a0<\/h2><h2><b>Layered approach (LOP-friendly): chain, don&#039;t replace.<\/b><\/h2><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mature practice, aligned with the LOP and ISRM, is to build a defensible decision-making system, not a &quot;final model&quot;:<\/span><\/p><ol><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Screening and baseline:<\/strong> Cinematics + LE with scenery and envelopes.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Refinement by decision:<\/strong> Numerical measurement for deformations, stresses, water hypotheses, and damage (with calibration and sensitivity).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Escalation to the discontinuous:<\/strong> DEM\/DFN when blocks\/connectivity govern risk or when structural uncertainty is explicitly addressed (including in a probabilistic way).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Operational tying:<\/strong> Translate what the model actually states into monitoring triggers, operational limits, and actions.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><h2>\u00a0<\/h2><h2><b>Choose method as you choose risk.<\/b><\/h2><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When the method is chosen out of habit, engineering is outsourced to the tool, and the price is hidden risk. The highest standard is to assume: uncertainty exists; therefore, the model must highlight it, and the process must prevent you from being misled.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a62069 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4a62069\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42a84019 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"42a84019\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Authors:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-537213b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"537213b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-448ba4af e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"448ba4af\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-445c0938 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"445c0938\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c6ef59 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5c6ef59\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-769d0ff5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"769d0ff5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"780\" height=\"780\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns%3D&#039;http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg&#039; viewBox%3D&#039;0 0 800 800&#039;%2F%3E\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-8097 ld-lazyload\" alt=\"\" data-src=\"https:\/\/vinq.us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/1693149511320.jpeg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/vinq.us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/1693149511320.jpeg 800w, https:\/\/vinq.us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/1693149511320-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/vinq.us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/1693149511320-150x150.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/vinq.us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/1693149511320-12x12.jpeg 12w, https:\/\/vinq.us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/1693149511320-320x320.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/vinq.us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/1693149511320-760x760.jpeg 760w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" data-aspect=\"1\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1951f2eb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1951f2eb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56744032 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"56744032\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">John Paul dos Santos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64d4ad11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"64d4ad11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bachelor in Mining Engineering (UFMG), Master in Civil Engineering and Management (University of Glasgow), Specialist in Geotechnical Engineering and Project Management.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1148c466 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1148c466\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mining Engineer specializing in geotechnics and project management, an international reference in dams and geotechnical structures applied to mining.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e26967e elementor-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"1e26967e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button 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\/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a4066d7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5a4066d7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-497ccd82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"497ccd82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Matheus Vicentini<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-616c74c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"616c74c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Civil Engineer (Unilavras), Specialist in Geotechnical Engineering (PUC Minas).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c27bdcd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2c27bdcd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Civil Engineer with experience in geotechnics applied to mining, with experience in projects, audits and dam decommissioning works.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bd6201b elementor-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"7bd6201b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" 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