{"id":7887,"date":"2025-07-02T15:48:07","date_gmt":"2025-07-02T18:48:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vinq.us\/?p=7887"},"modified":"2025-07-02T17:00:12","modified_gmt":"2025-07-02T20:00:12","slug":"pilhas-rejeito-ambientes-tropicais-liquefacao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vinq.us\/en\/pilhas-rejeito-ambientes-tropicais-liquefacao\/","title":{"rendered":"Tailings piles in tropical environments: Risks, evidence and good practices to avoid liquefaction"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7887\" class=\"elementor elementor-7887\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fda806c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fda806c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8d12be6\" data-id=\"8d12be6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0a8936 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0a8936\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The liquefaction of tailings stored in stockpiles represents one of the greatest challenges for modern geotechnical engineering in tropical environments. Historically associated with seismic events in saturated soils, the phenomenon has been increasingly observed under static conditions, driven by local climatic, operational, and geotechnical factors. In a scenario where the storage of filtered tailings is becoming increasingly frequent, understanding the mechanisms of destabilization in these materials becomes imperative. This article aims to consolidate the main recent technical advances and propose practical guidelines applicable to real-world conditions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h3><b>Types of Liquefaction and Mechanisms Involved<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Dynamic Liquefaction (Seismic):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Caused by seismic waves in saturated soils, usually sandy, with structural collapse due to the sudden increase in neutral pressure and consequent loss of effective resistance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Static Liquefaction:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It can occur even in the absence of seismic events. It is induced by factors such as progressive loading, rapid saturation, changes in boundary conditions, loss of metastable structure, or stress redistribution. Shear strength drops abruptly, leading to material fluidity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Liquefaction by Water Cycling (\u201c<\/b><b><i>Cyclic Softening<\/i><\/b><b>&#8220;)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cyclic rewetting in partially saturated materials, often observed in piles exposed to seasonal cycles of rain and drought, induces localized restructuring and collapse, even in the absence of full saturation. This cycling alters stiffness and strength properties, favoring the development of weak zones.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h3><b>Critical Characteristics of Tropical Environments<\/b><\/h3>\n<h5><b>Weathering and Mineralogy<\/b><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tropical soils often present high degrees of lateritization, with a predominance of secondary minerals, iron and aluminum oxides.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The metastable structure, often associated with the presence of dispersed fines, is particularly vulnerable to rewetting and percolation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><b>Rainfall and Infiltration Regime<\/b><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tropical regions concentrate intense rainfall in short intervals of time, favoring rapid saturation of surface layers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shrinkage cracks during dry periods can act as preferential flow paths, accelerating vertical percolation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Capillary rise also contributes to the creation of partially saturated transition zones, with low resistance and high potential for instability.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><b>Lack of Coverage and Compaction<\/b><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tailings piles often lack protective surface covering, making them susceptible to direct infiltration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The lack of technological control during the disposal of waste (e.g., absence of compaction or granulometric segregation) contributes to heterogeneity and the formation of critical water accumulation zones.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h3><b>Evidence and Case Studies<\/b><\/h3>\n<h5><b>Recent Empirical Studies<\/b><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Oliveira &amp; Fourie (2017, 2019):<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> identified that sandy and silty iron tailings, even partially saturated, presented collapse under wet-dry cycling in laboratory tests.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vick &amp; Lemos (2021):<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> demonstrated that thickened tailings, when not protected by cover or surface drainage, can develop saturation points and loss of strength over time.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h3><b>Technological Trends and Modeling<\/b><\/h3>\n<h5><b>Hydromechanical Integration<\/b><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The use of software such as PLAXIS, FLAC3D and SEEP\/W, with coupled flow and deformation modules, allows simulating behavior in partially saturated conditions, considering loading and infiltration history.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><b>Importance of Matrix Suction<\/b><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The apparent undrained resistance in partially saturated soils is directly influenced by matric suction.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The sudden loss of this suction during rainfall events can cause abrupt transitions in behavior, leading to local liquefaction.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><b>Instrumentation and Monitoring<\/b><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The adoption of tensiometers, fast-response piezometers, humidity sensors and inclinometers allows for the anticipation of changes in behavior before rupture.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The integration of data into digital platforms with predictive analysis based on climate triggers represents an emerging practice in the sector.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h3><b>Practical Guidelines for Design and Operation<\/b><\/h3>\n<h5><b>Geotechnical and Construction Project<\/b><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prioritize layout using benches with limited height, controlled compaction and humidity control.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Implement internal drainage systems (vertical and horizontal) to reduce the accumulation of interstitial water.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Apply surface coverings with granular material or vegetation to reduce direct infiltration.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><b>Stability Assessment<\/b><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Perform analyses considering undrained and partially saturated scenarios, incorporating parameters obtained by controlled suction triaxial tests.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Simulate critical cases of rapid saturation, using historical rainfall data and climate projections.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><b>Monitoring and Governance<\/b><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Establish continuous monitoring and feedback programs for geotechnical data.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Create response protocols based on alert levels linked to accumulated rainfall, neutral pressure variation and displacements.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ensure technical governance with active participation of engineers of record (EoR), with technical autonomy and functional independence.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h3><b>Conclusion<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Modern understanding of liquefaction in tropical tailings piles requires abandoning simplistic models based solely on total saturation and seismicity. It is a complex, procedural phenomenon, highly influenced by environmental, operational, and structural factors.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The future of geotechnical safety involves the incorporation of advanced hydromechanical models, the valorization of instrumentation and a culture of prevention.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4736621 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4736621\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1c0ee4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1c0ee4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At VinQ, we believe that reliable structures are those that integrate science, applied engineering, and solid governance. Our mission is to transform technical knowledge into solutions that preserve lives, the environment, and reputations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>VinQ Geotecnia \u2013 Connecting Safety, Innovation and Trust in Geotechnical Engineering<\/b><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Understand the risks of liquefaction in tailings piles in tropical environments and learn about good practices to ensure geotechnical safety.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":7912,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,21],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7887","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-geotecnia","category-rejeitos"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - 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